A hate crime is a criminal offense that is motivated in whole or part by hatred, bias, or prejudice against a protected class. A hate crime may be committed against individuals or groups of people who are members of a protected population. Its effects, however, are not limited to victims and other members of their groups but are also felt on micro and macro levels by communities. For this Major Assessment, you will examine four real-life hate crime cases in order to determine what characteristics make each a hate crime. You will also examine the effects of each hate crime, potential community responses, and how criminal justice organizations can address the impact of hate crimes. The Assignment Define hate crimes, generally. (1 paragraph) For each of the four hate crimes below, describe the specific factors in each case that made it a hate crime. (1–2 paragraphs each) Matthew Shepard Charleston church shooting Private Barry Winchell Yusor Mohammad Abu-Salha, Deah Shaddy Barakat, and Razan Mohammad Abu-Salha Choose one of the four cases, and imagine it occurred in your community. Describe the impact this hate crime might have had on your community. In your response, consider other members of the protected class as well as the community as a whole. Then explain how the community should respond (e.g., with gatherings, town halls, educational programming, volunteer work) and why. (3–4 paragraphs) Still imagining the crime occurred in your community, how should the criminal justice organizations in your community address its impact? For instance, you may consider community partnerships, additional training for officers, or additional resources for these types of crimes (e.g., a task force). (2–4 paragraphs) Identify three specific action items that could be planned or done to prevent further hate crimes. (1–2 paragraphs) Learning Resources Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus. Required Readings Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 2, “Racist Hate Crime” (pp. 16–30) Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.), by Garland, J., & Chakraborti, N. Copyright 2015 by Sage Publications Ltd. Books. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd. Books via the Copyright Clearance Center. Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 3, “Religiously Motivated Hate Crime” (pp. 31–45) Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.), by Garland, J., & Chakraborti, N. Copyright 2015 by Sage Publications Ltd. Books. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd. Books via the Copyright Clearance Center. Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 4, “Homophobic Hate Crime” (pp. 46–60) Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.), by Garland, J., & Chakraborti, N. Copyright 2015 by Sage Publications Ltd. Books. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd. Books via the Copyright Clearance Center. Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 5, “Transphobic Hate Crime” (pp. 61–74) Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.), by Garland, J., & Chakraborti, N. Copyright 2015 by Sage Publications Ltd. Books. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd. Books via the Copyright Clearance Center. Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 6, “Disablist Hate Crime” (pp. 75–87) Hate crime: Impact, causes, and responses (2nd ed.), by Garland, J., & Chakraborti, N. Copyright 2015 by Sage Publications Ltd. Books. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd. Books via the Copyright Clearance Center. Gerstenfeld, P. B. (2018). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 1, “The Whys and Hows of Hate Crime Laws” (pp. 1–44) Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th Ed.), by Gerstenfeld, P. B. Copyright 2017 by Sage College. Reprinted by permission of Sage College via the Copyright Clearance Center. Gerstenfeld, P. B. (2018). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 2, “The Hate Debate: Constitutional and Policy Problems” (pp. 45–96) Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th Ed.), by Gerstenfeld, P. B. Copyright 2017 by Sage College. Reprinted by permission of Sage College via the Copyright Clearance Center. Gerstenfeld, P. B. (2018). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 3, “Committing Hate: Who and Why” (pp. 97–140) Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th Ed.), by Gerstenfeld, P. B. Copyright 2017 by Sage College. Reprinted by permission of Sage College via the Copyright Clearance Center. Gerstenfeld, P. B. (2018). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 5, “Hate Crime Victims” (pp. 191–234) Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th Ed.), by Gerstenfeld, P. B. Copyright 2017 by Sage College. Reprinted by permission of Sage College via the Copyright Clearance Center. Gerstenfeld, P. B. (2018). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapter 6, “Fighting Hate” (pp. 235–270) Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies (4th Ed.), by Gerstenfeld, P. B. Copyright 2017 by Sage College. Reprinted by permission of Sage College via the Copyright Clearance Center. Bell, J. G., & Perry, B. (2015). Outside looking in: The community impacts of anti-lesbian, gay, and bisexual hate crime. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(1), 98–120. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.957133 Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Benier, K. (2017). The harms of hate: Comparing the neighbouring practices and interactions of hate crime victims, non-hate crime victims and non-victims. International Review of Victimology, 23(2), 179–201. doi:10.1177/0269758017693087 Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Bissinger, B. (2005, May). Don’t ask, don’t kill. Vanity Fair. Retrieved from https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2000/05/kentucky-murder-200005 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). What we investigate: Civil rights: Hate crimes. Retrieved May 29, 2018, from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimes X Katz, J. M., & Pérez-Peña, R. (2015, Feb 12). In killing of 3 Muslims, a question of motive. New York Times, p. A1. Retrieved from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/1654545743?accountid=14872 Marsden, J. (2014). The murder of Matthew Shepard. Retrieved from https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/matthew-shepard Not in Our Town. (n.d.). Not in our town + cops. Retrieved June 7, 2018, from https://www.niot.org/cops Stacey, M. (2015). The effect of law on hate crime reporting: The case of racial and ethnic violence. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(4), 876–900. doi:10.1007/s12103-015-9289-3 Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Von Drehle, D., Newton-Small, J., & Rhodan, M. (2015). Murder, race and mercy. Time, 186(21), 42–68. Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Required Media TED Conferences, LLC (Producer). (2016). Islamophobia killed my brother. Let’s end the hate [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/suzanne_barakat_islamophobia_killed_my_brother_let_s_end_the_hate/transcript